Paris Exhibitions (3): Art Deco and Male Nudes

Previous posts covered two recent retrospectives of Braque and Vallotton at the Grand Palais in Paris which will be transferring to other locations. This post is about one exhibition which continues and another which ends shortly and seems unlikely to transfer.

Art Déco

1925, quand l'Art Déco séduit le monde (1925, when Art Déco dazzled the World) is at La Cité de l’architecture & du patrimoine at the Palais de Chaillot. It centres on Paris’s 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs and Industriels Modernes, the name of which led to the coining of the term Art Déco, but extends overs the interwar period from 1919 to 1940. (At the outset the relationship of Art Déco to the preceding style of Art Nouveau is explained and its evolution in art (Tamara de Lempicka’s Portrait de Suzy Solidor,1933, left), architecture, furniture, fashion, cars (1927 Bugatti type 40 in front of a mural, La Vigne et Le Vin (The Vine and Wine) by Jean Dupas, for the Bordeaux pavilion at the 1925 Expo, below) and other areas are all covered in depth. However, despite the exhibition’s title, its point of view is French rather than global. The emphasis is also on the highest levels of design and elaborate workmanship (and selling price at the time no doubt) rather than the mass market manifestations of the style. There is also little about Art Deco internationally where, in its more monumental forms, it probably deserved the label of “Aztec Airways” (enthusiasts might find a V&A webpage on the 1925 exhibition and this recent book review by Bevis Hillier interesting).

1925, quand l'Art Déco séduit le monde now finishes on 3 March.


Masculin/Masculin 

Masculin / Masculin. L'homme nu dans l'art de 1800 à nos jours (Masculine/Masculine The Nude Man in Art from 1800 to the Present Day) at the Musée d’Orsay is what they say it is. It comes with the almost inevitable warning “some of the pieces presented in the exhibition may be shocking to some visitors (particularly children)”. Which presumably the curators felt is still the case, having taken advice from the Leopold Museum in Vienna who put on nackte männer. von 1800 bis heute (nude men. from 1800 to the present day) last year. Although Margaret Walter’s The Nude Male: a new perspective was published as long ago as 1978, the subject remains controversial as reactions to the release of the video for the show (now on YouTube) demonstrated last year.

The Musée d’Orsay was able to draw mostly on French sources for the ancient sculpture and high academic studies of the (exclusively) male nude and then widens out from, for example, Muybridge’s photography to an increasingly international and homoerotic selection covering the last 100 years or so. The British contribution includes a Bacon triptych, a Hockney ‘splash’ and a Ron Mueck (Dead Dad, 1996-97, below William Bougereau’s Egalité devant la mort, 1848 (Equality before death) above) but no Beardsleys. Presumably because it includes a nude female, Tate Britain’s Stanley Spencer, Double Nude Portrait: The Artist and his Second Wife, 1937, perhaps one of the most unsparing depictions of male nudity, would have been excluded. France’s own Pierre & Gilles are well-represented among the contemporary artists (Mercury on the left of the poster above and Vive La France, left).

The exhibition concentrates on Western art and its starting date would have excluded any of the erotic 17th-century Japanese shunga (again usually with females), as on show recently at the British Museum. I suspect that the British, inventors of the seaside postcard and home to Grayson Perry’s Scrotal Sac, may find the tone of Masculin / Masculin resolutely high-brow, an exception being Orlan’s L’Origine de la Guerre, 1989 (The Origin of War; find it here, an ironic comment on Courbet’s original which was discussed in a post here last year). 

Masculin / Masculin ends after an extension on 12 January, and, although transfer to another location was discussed, then closes finally, as far as I can tell.


UPDATE 10 JANUARY

Anyone interested in the classical male nude might like to read Brian Sewell’s review of The Male Nude: Eighteenth-Century Drawings From The Paris Academy at London’s Wallace Collection (ends 19 January).

2014 and All That

Like Sam Cooke I “Don’t know much about history … But I do know that one and one is two” and know enough maths to be sceptical about what non-mathematicians call round numbers, the ones that end with one or more 0s. But, probably because homo sapiens has two hands with five digits and therefore adopted the decimal system, we want to attach significance to the occurrence of numbers like the millennium in 2000 and the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The latter looks as though it will provide a journalistic field day for at least a year. For example, in an article, China must not copy the Kaiser’s errors, last month in the Financial Times (£), Martin Wolf asked:

Will we sustain an open global economy while also managing tensions between a rising autocracy and democracies in relative economic decline? That was the question posed by the arrival of imperial Germany as Europe’s leading economic and military power in the late 19th century. It is the question posed today by the rise of communist China. Now, as then, mistrust is high and rising. Now, as then, actions of the rising power raise risks of conflict. We know how this story ended in 1914. How will the new one end, a century later?

and the big 100 has set off high-powered academics like Margaret MacMillan who has produced a Brookings Essay, The Rhyme of History, (horrid to read on-screen, the text having been invaded by the graphics) in the ‘dreadful lessons’ genre. For her:

While history does not repeat itself precisely, the Middle East today bears a worrying resemblance to the Balkans then.

whereas

China is a rising power but its preoccupations are likely to be focused on Asia. Further afield it will concentrate, as it is doing at present, on securing the resources it needs for its economy, while probably being reluctant to intervene in far-off conflicts where it has little at stake.

Reassuring, then. But what about two distinctly non-round numbers, 76 and 74, which arise not from the difference between now and 1914, but now and 1938 and 1942?  I recently came across a post by Geoff Wade on The Strategist - The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog called China’s six wars in the next 50 years. It’s definitely worth reading in full – he is commenting on:

... an article which appeared on the website of the Chinese news agency Zhongguo Xinwenshe (Chinese, English translation here) in July this year. Entitled ‘Revealing the Six Wars China Must Fight in the Coming 50 Years’ (曝光中国在未来50年里必打的六场战争), the article is another manifestation of the hyper-nationalist attitude seen within some parts of the PLA. However, that an article of this nature was carried by a PRC national news agency suggests that it was approved at a very high level. 

The six ‘inevitable’ wars suggested in the article’s title are presented in the chronological order in which they will take place: 

1. The war to unify Taiwan (2020–2025) 

2. The war to recover the various islands of the South China Sea (2025–2030) 

3. The war to recover southern Tibet (2035–2040) 

4. The war to recover Diaoyutai and the Ryukyus (2040–2045) 

5. The war to unify Outer Mongolia (2045–2050) 

6. The war to recover the territory seized by Russia (2055–2060) 

… the claims to territories which this article avers need to be ‘recovered’ through warfare are long-standing and are remarkably congruent with a 1938 map of ‘China’s shame’ authorised by the Ministry of the Interior of the Republican Government which shows the areas torn from China by imperialists — European and Japanese. (See map below) The ‘lost’ Chinese territories on this map include not only the Russian Far East, the Ryukyus, Taiwan and the South China Sea, but also Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and Singapore, Myanmar, Nepal, parts of Pakistan and most of Central Asia.

The map reminded me of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, the programme for Imperial Japan’s expansion and aggression which reached its maximum extent in 1942. The best map of this that I’ve found is:

At which point an Infographic by John Saeki, AFP graphics editor in Hong Kong, on the China-Japan military balance (or the China-Japan+US military balance) might be food for thought:

This is based on data from the International Institute for Strategic Studies, so it seems appropriate to draw readers’ attention to an article by their Director of Transnational Threats and Political Risk, Nigel Inkster, Conflict Foretold: America and China, published last October. Again definitely worth reading in full, not just because of the author’s background, but also for the incisive summary of the main academic security-dilemma theories which it provides (none based on round numbers), and the fact that he chooses to concentrate on space and cyber as areas of contention and uncertainty. He concludes:

… the Sino-American relationship has to be seen in terms of a dynamic involving one power in relative decline, though still globally pre-eminent, coming to terms with another which is rapidly rising and naturally driven to challenge the status quo imposed and policed by the former. It must also be viewed in light of two guiding political philosophies that are more or less in polar opposition to one another. Even in the best of circumstances, this would be a recipe for tension and competition, exacerbated by the chronic inability of each state’s policymakers to see the world from the other’s perspective.

UPDATE 6 JANUARY

Busy with  other things, I missed a significant article by Liu Xiaoming, the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, which appeared in the Daily Telegraph on 2 January. Called China and Britain won the war together, its thesis was that “Japan’s refusal to face up to its aggressive past is posing a serious threat to global peace”. The particular issue it focussed on was Shinzo Abe, the Japanese prime minister, paying homage at the Yasukuni Shrine, an action which the Chinese clearly perceive as offensive. The article is skilfully written for a UK audience, starting with a reference to Harry Potter:

In the Harry Potter story, the dark wizard Voldemort dies hard because the seven horcruxes, which contain parts of his soul, have been destroyed. If militarism is like the haunting Voldemort of Japan, the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo is a kind of horcrux, representing the darkest parts of that nation’s soul.

and ending with a reference to the forthcoming film, The Railway Man:

It tells the tragic story of a British PoW tortured by the Japanese in the Second World War. The film is not only about the atrocities committed by his Japanese captors, but also how one of them is harrowed by his own past. His redemption is only effected through deep remorse and penitence. 

China and Britain were wartime allies. Our troops fought shoulder to shoulder against Japanese aggressors and made enormous sacrifices. Sixty-eight years have passed since that horrible war. Yet there are always some incorrigible people in Japan who show no signs of remorse for war crimes. Instead, they seek to reinterpret history. They pose a serious threat to global peace. The Chinese will not allow such attempts. I am sure British and all other peace-loving folk will not remain indifferent. 

China and Britain are both victors of the Second World War. We played a key role in establishing the post-war international order that has delivered great benefits for mankind. Our two countries have a common responsibility to work with the international community to oppose and condemn any words or actions aimed at invalidating the peaceful post-war consensus and challenging international order. We should join together both to uphold the UN Charter and to safeguard regional stability and world peace.

Rather different in tone from the Beijing Global Times which pointed out last month during David Cameron’s visit to China that:

The Cameron administration should acknowledge that the UK is not a big power in the eyes of the Chinese. It is just an old European country apt for travel and study. This has gradually become the habitual thought of the Chinese people.

Today, Keiichi Hayashi, Japan’s ambassador to the United Kingdom, had his say in the Daily Telegraph, in an article, China risks becoming Asia’s Voldemort. He defends Abe’s visit to Yasukuni, the most recent of many by Japanese prime ministers, and points out that:

As in the case of the Japan-UK relationship, exemplified in the meeting between Eric Lomax and Takashi Nagase described in the book The Railway Man, the only way to heal the wounds of the past is through the pursuit of reconciliation. But, critically, it takes two for this to be achieved. 

… East Asia is now at a crossroads. There are two paths open to China. One is to seek dialogue, and abide by the rule of law. The other is to play the role of Voldemort in the region by letting loose the evil of an arms race and escalation of tensions, although Japan will not escalate the situation from its side. The answer seems obvious. Although China has so far refused to enable dialogue between our leaders, I sincerely hope that it will come forward, rather than keep invoking the ghost of “militarism” of seven decades ago, which no longer exists.

I can’t help wondering whether Japan and China are taking advantage of this old European country’s timezone and being anglophone to express their views because it would be too provocative to do so directly in the US.


UPDATE 7 JANUARY

 The Daily Telegraph today has a third piece on this subject by an ambo, in this case our former man in Hanoi, John Everard, who was British Ambassador to North Korea, 2006-2008. His article, Are China, Japan and South Korea fanning the flames of war?, provides a  summary of  one of the island problems and the recent ADIZ and points out the lack of any regional forum in which they could be addressed.  The article could have done with a map and ends with a 1914/2014 round numbers homily.

This map from Money Morning is helpful and shows that Senkaku/Diaoyu is just one part of a problem which involves states other than the three Everard mentions.